**UPDATE** Anyone wanting to get a first hand view of how Judge Amanda Williams conducts her Drug Court:
Every Wednesday @ 9am
Glynn County Courthouse
701 H Street
Brunswick, GA 31520
There are a number of things that you as a concerned citizen can do:
- File a formal complaint with the Judicial Qualifications Comission of Georgia. To do this click the following link: http://www.gajqc.com/complaint.cfm
- Contact the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP): http://www.nadcp.org/contact
- Contact the only two local newspapers and tell them how you feel. They have STILL not ran a single story portraying Amanda Williams in her true color. Tell them to quit hiding the truth! http://www.TheBrunswickNews.com and http://www.TheIslanderOnline.com
- State Representative Alex Atwood: alex.atwood@house.ga.gov
- State Senator William T. Ligon, Jr.: william.ligon@senate.ga.gov
- Governor Nathan Deal: http://gov.georgia.gov/00/gov/contact_us/0,2657,165937316_166563415,00.html
- U.S. Representative Jack Kingston: http://kingston.house.gov/ContactForm/
- U.S. Senator Saxby Chambliss: http://chambliss.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Email
- U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson: http://isakson.senate.gov/contact.cfm
- U.S. President Barack Obama: http://www.whitehouse.gov/contact
Tell the world:
- Associated Press: info@ap.org
- U.S. & World News: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/usinfo/infomain.htm
- CNN: http://www.cnn.com/feedback/forms/form11b.html?4
- FOX’s America’s Newsroom: americasnewsroom@foxnews.com
- ABC’s Nightline: http://abcnews.go.com/Site/page?id=3428117
- NBC News: nbcnews@msnbc.com
I am horrified by the appalling abuse of power exhibited by this judge. She MUST be removed from the bench, this has been going on as her own personal dictatorship from hell for far, far too long.
VERY TOUGH LOVE EXTRA STORY – READ THIS !
This American LifeSearch Archive:
Ira writes:
This is another case with a surprisingly high penalty.
Kimberly Spead declined to talk to me but I got her story from court records and from the transcript of an interview she did with lawyers who were investigating Glynn and Camden County drug court practices back in 2005.
Kim was a successful graduate of Judge Williams’ drug court program. It took her three years and five months and she finished in January 2002. During Kim’s time in the program, the drug court raised the fees that participants pay. She said in the 2005 interview that she was told to sign a paper agreeing to the higher fees. She said she was told that if she didn’t, she’d be ejected from the program and would have to serve the full sentence on her original crime. She felt that was unfair. She’d entered the program signing a contract that specified certain fees, and now the court wasn’t sticking by the deal. She didn’t want to sign. But finally, ten days after her graduation from drug court, she signed.
And she never fully paid up. It isn’t clear from court records how much she owed, but the likely amount seems to be about 1500 dollars. A year and a half later, push came to shove: she was summoned to court over the money, she didn’t show up, a warrant was issued for her arrest, and she ended up in jail in September 2003. She was denied bond.
She sits in jail for eleven months before she gets into court in front of Judge Williams over the fees. It’s unclear why it took this long. During that time, Kim said in that 2005 interview, she repeatedly made written requests to see a public defender and gave those to jail officials, but nothing happened. Finally on August 4, 2004, she’s back in front of Judge Williams.
Which brings us to her punishment. Judge Williams kicked her out of the drug court program—even though she’d successfully completed her drug treatment and had graduated drug-free over a year before.
And then, like anyone who’s kicked out of drug court, she had to serve the sentence on her original crime. Judge Williams decided that meant a year behind bars, with credit for the eleven months she’d already served, plus four years probation.
In other words, this program whose goal is to reduce the jail population and save taxpayers some money, had a successful drug-free graduate who owed about $1500, and dealt with it by putting that person—a mother with a small child—into incarceration for a year, at a cost to taxpayers of about $17,000. When Kim finally got out of jail, she was informed she would still need to pay back the money.
I’m sorry, but nothing above mentions Ms. Spread’s original crime. Was this a simple possession misdemeanor or was she involved in something more serious, perhaps even dangerous to her small child. I feel as if I’m not getting the whole story here.
Did you even hear the report? I think if you had, you would not feel that you’re ‘not getting the whole story’.
I beg your pardon; it does not matter what the original crime was. Completion of drug court means this individual paid their debt to society. Period. That’s the point of a diversionary court. However, this citizen had her rights deprived of her, not just through the lack of access to a public defender or the ability to pay bond, but most appallingly through the additional 11 months in prison.
When will this abuse of power be brought to an end?
The email I sent to all the political offices:
Hello ________,
I hope that someone in your office is looking into the reports detailing the drug court that Amanda Williams is running in Georgia.
Judge Williams, her staff, and the staff of local prisons were able to blow off the national reporters, but I doubt they could blow off your staff.
Please investigate this matter. If 10% of it is true, it is a heartbreaking injustice.
Thank you.
I emailed the US Department of Justice, and the members of the Senate Judicial Committee, asking them to look into this Judge’s practices. I believe Drug courts get federal dollars so I thought it would be appropriate.
Please include this in your links:
http://www.atlawblog.com/2011/03/glynn-camden-drug-court-judge-to-be-featured-on-nprs-this-american-life/
Done. Thanks!
The best hope for any community being held hostage by a vindictive judiciary is to get national media attention.
We worked hard last fall to get this information out to the voting public, but were hampered by the sheer magnitude of her vindictive behavior. The voting public did not want to believe the stories we had to tell, the ‘newspapers’ would not print anything negative. Those who spoke out were “sore losers”, even those of us who had never been in her courtroom. It is also important to note that it has only been since 2008, when she achieved Chief Judge status that her misuse of power has become so blatant.
Keep spreading the word, this story is spreading like wildfire across the Internet, but mainstream news agencies still need to pick up the story, or will die.
Judge Amanda Williams is an absolute disgrace. This cruel, vindictive creature represents the height of abuse of judicial power and should be immediately investigated by the Georgia Judicial Qualifications Commission. I have written and mailed a formal complaint to the Commission, and I encourage any like-minded person to do the same. As a former addict and now successfully rehabilitated graduate student, I am acutely aware of the damage that an uncaring and overly punitive approach can do. I certainly experienced a bit of that treatment myself, but I can say with absolute certainty that the actions of Judge Amanda Williams are far beyond the pale. I am absolutely certain that, had I been exposed to the utterly inhumane level of cruelty that this woman brings to the bench, I would not be where I am today. Judge Amanda Williams’ drug court is a travesty of justice of the highest order, and it is our duty as American citizens to do everything in our power to see that her reign of terror is brought to a swift and decisive end.
Dear Judge Williams,
I have just finished listening to Ira Glass’ latest podcast profiling your Drug Court program in Glynn County. I listened intently, hoping that eventually the story would highlight some positive elements of your character, and prove your quest for both justice and real humane involvement in the lives of those in your community who have been routed through your program.
I’m sorry to say that I heard nothing in Mr. Glass’ story to believe that you are anything but vindictive and inhumane, and if the term ‘Honorable’ is to be applied to those in your social position here in the United States of America, you should honor the true nature of truth, justice, and humanity and resign your position as judge, and then apply all of your future energies to helping to correct the terrible wrongs that have been doled out to the young members of your community that have had their lives destroyed by your actions.
If there is any possibility that I have been wrongly swayed in my judgment about you by a liberal media muck-raker, please reply to set the matter straight, and my mind to rest, so that I may continue believing in the inherent justice of the American courts and those people that we citizens of the United States have elected to uphold it.
Most Sincerely,
Anker B. Frankoni
Thanks so much for this website. As much as I enjoy reading everyone’s shared shock and disgust with the facts about Judge Amanda Williams as outline on “This American Life” unless we all actually follow up MAKING NOISE to whomever will listent (major news orgs, contact list featured here, etc) our disgust will be meaningless. In addition to this website, please request to join the Facebook group “Oppose/Recall/Impeach Drug Court Judge Amanda Williams.” Working together what joy we can share when she is finally impeached.
Amazing. I do feel as though this is something that we would see in a 3rd world country. Had no idea there was no sort of checks & balances for the power of a judge. Drug issue alone is something we should begin to converse about….come on…Pot smoking is that BAD??? Craziness.
This is what I sent to the Judicial Qualifications Commission & to her (btw, her email is: amandaw@glynncounty-ga.gov )
Amanda,
I just heard Ira Glass on This American Life and am AMAZED!!!!
I would encourage you to take your own hard medicine and consider your behavior.
In the upcoming days, I hope you are investigated and then given the same amount of punishment you’ve dished out….solitary confinement. Unfortunately, that will probably not happen to you….but that’s what I’ve written to the Judicial Qualifications Commission.
Shame on you for exploiting your power.
Kim
I would think contacting the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) might also help.
Presumably, they should be concerned about Judge Williams’ behavior and prepared to revoke her membership and facilitate a criminal investigation into her behavior.
By not providing any oversight of their members and their courts, the NADCP has been negligent and also holds a share of the blame for Judge Williams actions.
http://www.nadcp.org/contact
Also, can whoever administers this site please find a way to start collecting donations via PayPal or something?
I am unfamiliar with election laws in Georgia, but presumably funds could be collected in the name of a political campaign or action committee and then utilized once the organization was setup.
For every 100 people who listen to the This American Life episode (and any future media coverage that this story attracts), you could probably find 5 who would be willing to donate in support of removing Judge Williams from office…
I’d be happy to donate to have this monster removed from office
Impeach this disgraceful judge now. What a disgraceful person who abuses her power.
I am an Australian and so moved by the unethical practice I felt I had to comment.
You, citizens of America, need to remove judges that exhibit otherwise immoral and unethical practice. Shame on her, write to your Commission and politicians and demand justice !!
I just sent a very scathing letter to reps, senators and even the pres. Were this my daughter, I fear what I’d have done.
I have copy and pasted my letter of concern to all listed parties and media outlets, plus E-mailed the Amanda herself with some words that will hopefully reach her although I highly doubt that, I hope her courts get the proper inspections and audits from all the proper organizations and committees to get to the bottom of all of this, and like someone else said even if there is 5% truth to all of this i truly hope she gets shut down for good and pays for her actions!
On the links tab, the top Topix/Kingsland link, has over 900 posts now (altho some were before election)..last few pages are posts since Saturdays airing on This American Life. Check it out….I have seen more than 1400 posts altogether so far….HOW IS SHE STILL IN OFFICE RATHER THAN JAIL?!?
I sent the following email to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) via their online form at http://www.nadcp.org/contact.
Please read the transcript of the This American Life episode on Judge Amanda Williams. It can be found directly at http://www.thisamericanlife.org/sites/default/files/transcript_430.pdf and contains information that should be highly disturbing to both law officers and anyone working with individuals struggling with addiction. If the information is true, I would expect Judge Amanda Williams to be removed from any position of authority as quickly as possible. Please investigate this matter soon and comprehensively.
Thank you,
Carl Rosenfield
Many good comments here and here: http://www.atlawblog.com/2011/03/glynn-camden-drug-court-judge-to-be-featured-on-nprs-this-american-life/
Also, as someone wrote on the atlawblog: “the guards in the prisons should be prosecuted too. Just because Hitler tells you to gas people and you are following orders doesn’t make you less accountable. Truly disgusting look at humanity.” — It’s an extreme comparison but I think it rings true.
Terrible how the people in the broadcast were treated. People who often aren’t even eligible for the drug-program because they weren’t real addicts!!!
Fine work by Glass and good proof of how harsher and harsher sentencing is no panacea for simple human faults. I hope the judge will step down and will try to make amends for what she has done, but I fear she won’t. I also hope she will sit some days in solitary confinement, to experience it, and I also hope she will experiment with people accusing her of having a positive drugtest, even when she hasn’t taken drugs, because it seems that this woman has some serious empathy-issues.
This judge is unreal. It’s like that Georgia county is in some remote country in the world. She should be impeached! I’ve already sent my letters to a few ranking people in Georgia. Everyone needs to do their part. Let’s get this lady kicked out. Let her experience the full extent of the law from our side.
Can things like this really be happening in modern times?
Granted, this takes place in (what I assume to be) rural Georgia, but this reeks of ‘good ole boy’ deep-south mentality. Are there no checks and balances set in place to prevent despotic & tyrannical behavior such as this?
Has the Georgia State Bar Association been contacted regarding her son Nathan Williams’ preferrential and ethically questionable practices?
This only fuels the notion that some southern states are indeed still operating as if they were in the 1900′s! Sad, truly.
-Ruben M.
I am a practicing physician and see drug ODs too often. When I heard this segment, I literally could not turn it off. Stalin, Pol Pot, Mao…Judge Williams…the only problem is that WE are the citizens who have democratically decided to allow the “election” of judges. At least the other psychophants weren’t elected…this represents the fundamental problems with this sort of system…I wonder what the mayor, city council, and other local representatives think of this official…I say email everyone that has “electoral” clout and influence THEM to help out…I suspect that she is unreachable via other means…what I would love to see is her busted with a “positive” drug screen…wouldn’t that be a hoot? Or maybe she could be arrested for an “indiscretion”…
I encourage everyone to write specifically to the JQC and the GA Bar and the Drug Court council. The reps and legislators won’t be helpful, as most of them are “friends” of hers.
(update)Well this mess finally made the paper six days since the first broadcast,cleaver how they tried to discredit the movement by having her people send out bogus death threats to her website.
Could you please post todays news article (Brunswick News- Judge Get Death Threats)somewhere on this site so people can see it? Thanks
Done.
Heard about her on TAL and, as a citizen of the state of Georgia, I am appalled that these kinds of abuses can go unchecked. Have emailed Gov. Deal and the papers in her area, and am posting on Facebook since I know some people from that area.
First: Thank you for setting up this website.
Second: The local newspaper, the Brunswick News, also owns a regional magazine the “Golden Isles”, which ironically has an article that includes Judge Amanda Williams in it this month! Here is the link: http://www.goldenislesmagazine.com/
…wait, was that site hacked b/c the banner that scrolls is “lady justice in the golden isles – phenomenal women – in the bedroom”. or is that just spectacularly bad editing?
How about posting a Facebook “Like” or link or some kind of social networking interface. That would REALLY help your campaign immensely. Quite frankly I’m shocked no such links exist insofar as I can tell (though I am on a Blackberry). In any event, I’m on a crusade myself against overly harsh criminal “justice”, and the intolerance of jurists such as Judge Williams is intolerable! Take a look at the recent news regarding Justice Hunstein’s and others’ criticisms of the system; in particular, the rate and cost of incarceration for drug offenders. When we will decriminalize the possession of ALL drugs? The time is long overdue!
I don’t mean to downplay the reports of Judge Williams’ conduct, but I would urge those who contact the authorities to keep in mind that the NPR report did not cite specific violations of any legal statute. That being said, if these allegations are true (and I personally believe that they are), then they are reprehensible in a number of ways. Below is what I have sent to a number of the contacts listed above (and my commendation to the work of NPR and the people who are speaking out against such egregious behavior):
“I was recently made aware of a recent story profiling Judge Williams (via: http://www.thisamericanlife.org/sites/default/files/transcript_430.pdf). The version of events put forth on the topic was disturbing to say the least. While I do not wish to jump to conclusions about any impropriety or unethical conduct, what I found most troubling was a distinct lack of transparency that prevented any full account of the issue. It must be asserted that all “are presumed innocent until proven guilty.” However, the incredible reluctance of any authority involved in any aspect of the drug court system to provide an explanation or rebuttal to the report creates the distinct possibility of a double standard, which is evidently undermining confidence in the court system. If those who have violated the law are expected to be held accountable, then the courts should be held to an equal expectation. I would urge you to please initiate a thorough investigation of Judge Williams and the Glynn County court system, with the results publicly reported and disseminated, to ensure that the effectiveness and public faith held in our courts be maintained.”
Perfect! Well said! I wish that this could be made into one of those form letters like OMM or AFA use to easily send letters to TV show advertisers & legislature. I believe then that many will send it(I know I will)…the sheer numbers will get attention.
Please…someone that knows how to make it, do so, w/ the above links built in & put it on this site. Those of us that are keeping up w/ all forums can copy the page link and paste to get it out to even more people.
Thank you,
Eternally grateful
Ryan: If not (the above request), may I have permission to copy & send? There are at least 7 of the 10 listed at top that I would send it to. Thanks
Just received a form response from Wes Huddleston, CEO of NADCP following a complaint I sent them on Monday night. It seems the NADCP are very eager to throw Judge Williams under the bus. Note that Mr. Huddleston does not even defend her actions, simply compares her to a bad car mechanic. With a response like this, I urge anybody in touch with additional news media to encourage them to contact Mr. Huddleston for commentary on the topic. To that end, I have not deleted the phone numbers at the bottom of the message:
from West Huddleston
to
date Fri, Apr 1, 2011 at 2:21 PM
subject RE: Judge Amanda Williams
2:21 PM (2 hours ago)
Dear ,
Thank you for sharing your concern about NPR’s nationally syndicated show This American Life that aired “Very Tough Love”. I agree with you that it is a heart-breaking story and I want you to know that we at NADCP are taking it very seriously.
I hope you also heard a key message from host of This American Life, Ira Glass, that this story is about one particular Drug Court and that in his investigation, this court is “run differently than any other Drug Court in the country”. Just because there are bad cardiovascular surgeons, dentists and car mechanics, it doesn’t mean that all cardiovascular care, dentistry or auto repairmen are bad. Within any industry, there are poor performers. Unfortunately, we have some too.
NADCP has set a national standard of best practices and we train and otherwise urge Drug Courts to follow them. In our experience, the vast majority of the 2,459 Drug Courts in operation throughout the country exceed those standards and have tremendous success reducing substance abuse, crime and do so at far less expense than any other sentencing option. Please understand that NADCP does not certify, accredit, investigate or have authority over Drug Courts. However, we are committed to ensuring that all Drug Courts operate within best practices and within a spirit of compassion, doing everything we can to ensure addicted offenders get the help they so desperately need to change their lives. It is my deepest hope that this one example does not define Drug Courts for you nor should it dampen your support for these life-saving courts.
If you wish, you may contact the Judicial Qualifications Commission in Georgia directly by going to http://www.gajqc.com.
My best,
West
West Huddleston
CEO
National Association of Drug Court Professionals
1029 N. Royal Street, Suite 200
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 575-9400 – Main
(703) 575-9402 – Fax
(571) 384-1866 Direct
Of course, these so called “victims” could have just chosen not to break the law. That is always an option.
Think about that when you find yourself in a similar position, and can’t get the court to hear your side of the story…..
While there is a definite abuse of power here, I think there is some confusion about what this judge can and cannot do in this setting and why.
It is important to understand this is not a regular criminal court. The alternative “court” is where defendants are ending up only after the sign an agreement to fully waive all their right in a regular criminal court, presumably in exchange for a modified sentence.
Basically the defendant is making a written contract with the court. An agreement. Citizens can make any agreement they want that does not violate the law.Even if it is not to their benefit. But usually a contract involves some exchange of “things” between the parties. Here, Williams is essentially agreeing to “help you” in exchange for agreeing waive all your rights.
There is no doubt that these defendants believe they will avoid jail time and a permanent record that would possibly prevent them from getting jobs, credit or other opportunities in the future. The catch is that almost all seem to end up in jail anyway.
A real court may not constitutionally hold a person indefinitely to await sentencing or as a sentence. There must be something more. Also, waiving your right to heard by another judge, as Williams requires you to do in writing, is usually difficult to get upheld. Same for not allowing counsel to be present in court which is what seems to happen once you enter the program. It is just the defendant against the judge in court. No attorney would have let the man with the 1 positive and 2 negative urine tests appear without a witness or statement from the person who saw two clean tests and without making sure that went on the record. Williams cleverly closed all the loopholes.
It looks like the only way to get these people a defense is to try and argue a defense to the contract they entered into with the court in order to make it void.
Maybe an argument that the contract is egregious?
The Judge’s actions “shock the conscience”?
An attorney could possibly argue the defendants didn’t understand the rights they were waiving but if they had attorneys when they agreed to the program, most courts say having a competent attorney means an informed decision.
The ACLU might be a good organization to bring into this because it is all Constitutional issues.
I simply don’t understand why the Justice Department isn’t investigating Judge Williams for civil rights violations. This simply can’t be right. And why aren’t local officials moving to impeach or remove her from the bench?
Yes, where is the Justice Department investigation? This judge was elected to serve justice, not impose her own whims and beliefs about drug offenders.
I was so appalled by this story that I immediately wrote the President, both Senators, the NADCP, ABC News, and CNN. I will also tweet this page and the “This American Life” story. Judge Williams has behaved in shocking and shameful ways.
This story left me incredulous. In this day and age, in this country, a person can abuse power in such a way.I realize it took place in Georgia, but still.
I would think the taxpayers in her jurisdiction would be livid at the amount of money it must cost to incarcerate these meager offenders. Are the prisons privately run? Is she a stockholder? They’re a huge and growing business.
I’m relieved to hear both the outrage and the concrete actions taken by commenters on this site. One of the most inconceivable aspects of Judge Williams’ story for me is that her husband is in recovery for alcohol addiction: she should therefore know first hand that punishment does not work as an addiction cure. It really seems clear that she is taking out her personal vendetta regarding drug and alcohol use on her constituents, and I’m greatly saddened that no one has been able to get her to stop: she’s damaging the lives of so many people. I really hope that the power of our voices can accomplish what democracy says is our right: to decide who speaks for us, and to remove from office anyone who is not representative of what we believe to be just and fair.
Please put a button on this website so that someone can donate to impeach Amanda Williams and bar her from public office.
Hey recent opponent, Mary Helen Moses, has racked up pretty substantial financial bills after trying to defeat Judge Amanda Williams.
She would be, or would know, the person you should direct your contributions you.
Thanks.
Judge Williams’ bizarre version of justice in Georgia mocks the ideals our nation was built on. She has turned the court into a venue for her own anger over her husband’s addiction. She needs to go to an Ala-Non meeting.
Thank you to Ira Glass and This American Life for having the guts to expose these violations of basic human rights in our own country. To put a first time offender in solitary confinement for more than a month with no access to her medications — this alone is reason enough to remove Williams from the bench.
My friend , Charles Annicelli from Connecticut was arrested in CT following a civil lawsuit over some late – in – the – season watermelons that did not bring much financial return , the farmers , three of them, were offered a money settlement for their crop which made the whole deal a loser for Charlie , the three farmers decided instead to pursue their case in Amanda’s court ; eventually resulting in a fine to Charlie of approximately 600 thousand dollars so he could avoid the 10 year jail term imposed by Amanda . Charlie made this deal while sitting in jail . The Annicelli family ran the New Haven produce market for many years going back to the days when they put ice in a bin with a fan to keep the southern produce fresh for New England markets . Spring ride trucks , no AC = lotta work . What to do ?
What has this got to do with a drug court in Ga.? Watermelons? 600K $???
Using criminal sanctions in civil court ? Memyselfandi sees nothing wrong with a half million dollar fine for 35 thousand dollars worth of watermellons ? with incarceration for a defendant in a civil matter until the agreement to pay is finalized ?? It has to do with Amanda Williams; absolute power corrupts absolutely .
Please contact Paul Howard, Atlanta District Attorneys office in Atlanta, and congratulate his office for having the courage to have a special prosecutor in this case.
Judge Williams has not only let down, insulted, humiliated the defendants and the judical office she holds, but she has also let down the very public who voted for and supported her throughout the years.
She has also set a terrible example to the attorneys who have appeared before her over the years, and have watched the escalation of abuse and power her position has afforded her, and how she has taken clear and increasing advantage of that over the years. How many attorneys have been jaded by exposure to her tyrannical behavior?
It would be an insult to her constituents and the general population of the entire country to allow her to receive her retirement and benefits unless she is exonerated. She received a handsome salary over the years. She has already received compensation and social elavation from her position.
It would set no example to anyone, taxpayer or otherwise, for her to not face the same consequences as any of the rest of us would. In fact, it would be a slap in the face.
affected and altered the lives of many defendants who have appeared before her over the years.
The accolades she has received for the successful candiates of Drug Court are now overshadowed by the realization that she has affected and altered the lives of many defendants who have appeared before her over the years. Imagine how many of those defendants have lost their children, declared bankruptcy, been unfairly incarcerated, lost paying jobs, and are still affected by those repercussions today.
Please make a point to contact Paul Howard, District Attorney in Atlanta, about following through with a special prosecutor!
If they find her innocent, then and only then should she be entitled to her pension. Otherwise, she has let down the law she swore to uphold and we who are powerless will see the behavior endorsed.
CONTACT INFO FOR FULTON COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEYS OFFICE
404-612-4981
nicole.vaughn@fultoncountyga.gov
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